Prototyping Multimodal GenAI Real-Time Agents with Counterfactual Replays and Hybrid Wizard-of-Oz

Frederic Gmeiner; Kenneth Holstein; Nikolas Martelaro

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arXiv · 2510.06872

Prototyping Multimodal GenAI Real-Time Agents with Counterfactual Replays and Hybrid Wizard-of-Oz

Frederic Gmeiner·Kenneth Holstein·Nikolas Martelaro

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Abstract

Recent advancements in multimodal generative AI (GenAI) enable the creation of personal context-aware real-time agents that, for example, can augment user workflows by following their on-screen activities and providing contextual assistance. However, prototyping such experiences is challenging, especially when supporting people with domain-specific tasks using real-time inputs such as speech and screen recordings. While prototyping an LLM-based proactive support agent system, we found that existing prototyping and evaluation methods were insufficient to anticipate the nuanced situational complexity and contextual immediacy required. To overcome these challenges, we explored a novel user-centered prototyping approach that combines counterfactual video replay prompting and hybrid Wizard-of-Oz methods to iteratively design and refine agent behaviors. This paper discusses our prototyping experiences, highlighting successes and limitations, and offers a practical guide and an open-source toolkit for UX designers, HCI researchers, and AI toolmakers to build more user-centered and context-aware multimodal agents.

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Frederic Gmeiner, Kenneth Holstein, Nikolas Martelaro. 2025-10-08. Prototyping Multimodal GenAI Real-Time Agents with Counterfactual Replays and Hybrid Wizard-of-Oz. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.06872

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