Cell State Transitions Beyond the Small-Noise Limit

Jianzhe Wei; Jingwen Zhu; Pan Chu; Liang Luo; Xiongfei Fu

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arXiv · 2510.07797

Cell State Transitions Beyond the Small-Noise Limit

Jianzhe Wei·Jingwen Zhu·Pan Chu·Liang Luo·Xiongfei Fu

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Abstract

State transitions are fundamental in biological systems but challenging to observe directly. Here, we present the first single-cell observation of state transitions in a synthetic bacterial genetic circuit. Using a mother machine, we tracked over 1007 cells for 27 hours. First-passage analysis and dynamical reconstruction reveal that transitions occur outside the small-noise regime, challenging the applicability of classical Kramers' theory. The process lacks a single characteristic rate, questioning the paradigm of transitions between discrete cell states. We observe significant multiplicative noise that distorts the effective potential landscape yet increases transition times. These findings necessitate theoretical frameworks for biological state transitions beyond the small-noise assumption.

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Jianzhe Wei, Jingwen Zhu, Pan Chu, Liang Luo, Xiongfei Fu. 2025-10-09. Cell State Transitions Beyond the Small-Noise Limit. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.07797

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