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arXiv · 2510.08030

Amplification and Detection of Single Itinerant Microwave Photons

Lukas Danner·Max Hofheinz·Nicolas Bourlet·Ciprian Padurariu·Joachim Ankerhold·Björn Kubala
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Abstract

Single-photon detectors are an essential part of the toolbox of modern quantum optics for implementing quantum technologies and enabling tests of fundamental physics. The low energy of microwave photons, the natural signal path for superconducting quantum devices, makes their detection much harder than for visible light. Despite impressive progress in recent years and the proposal and realization of a number of different detector architectures, the reliable detection of a single itinerant microwave photon remains an open topic. Here, we investigate and simulate a detailed protocol for single-photon multiplication and subsequent amplification and detection. At its heart lies a Josephson-photonics device which uses inelastic Cooper-pair tunneling driven by a dc bias in combination with the energy of an incoming photon to create multiple photons, thus compensating for the low-energy problem. Our analysis provides clear design guidelines for utilizing such devices, which have previously been operated in an amplifier mode with a continuous wave input, for counting photons. Combining a formalism recently developed by M{\o}lmer to describe the full quantum state of in- and outgoing photon pulses with stochastic Schr\"odinger equations, we can describe the full multiplication and detection protocol and calculate performance parameters, such as detection probabilities and dark count rates. With optimized parameters, a high population of a single output mode can be achieved that can then be easily distinguished from vacuum noise in heterodyne measurements of quadratures with a conventional linear amplifier. Realistic devices with two multiplication stages with multiplication of $16$ reach for an impinging Gaussian pulse of length $T$ a detection probability of $84.5\%$ with a dark count rate of $10^{-3}/T$, and promise to outperform competing schemes.

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Lukas Danner, Max Hofheinz, Nicolas Bourlet, Ciprian Padurariu, Joachim Ankerhold, Björn Kubala. 2025-10-09. Amplification and Detection of Single Itinerant Microwave Photons. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08030

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