LLMs Show Surface-Form Brittleness Under Paraphrase Stress Tests

Juan Miguel Navarro Carranza

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arXiv · 2510.08616

LLMs Show Surface-Form Brittleness Under Paraphrase Stress Tests

Juan Miguel Navarro Carranza

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Abstract

Benchmark scores for Large Language Models (LLMs) can be inflated by memorization of test items or near duplicates. We present a simple, protocol that probes generalization by re-evaluating models on paraphrased versions of benchmark questions. Using Mistral-7B-Instruct and Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct, we measure the accuracy gap between original and paraphrased items on ARC-Easy and ARC-Challenge. Our pipeline controls decoding, enforces multiple-choice output format, and includes a robust paraphrase-cleaning step to preserve semantics. We find that paraphrasing induces a non-trivial accuracy drop (original vs. paraphrased), consistent with prior concerns about contamination and brittle surface-form shortcuts.

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Juan Miguel Navarro Carranza. 2025-10-08. LLMs Show Surface-Form Brittleness Under Paraphrase Stress Tests. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08616

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