Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Associative Memory Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks

Miguel Aguilera; Daniele De Martino; Ivan Garashchuk; Dmitry Sinelshchikov

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arXiv · 2511.11150

Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Associative Memory Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks

Miguel Aguilera·Daniele De Martino·Ivan Garashchuk·Dmitry Sinelshchikov

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Abstract

Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks (CTRNNs) have been widely used for their capacity to model complex temporal behaviour. However, their internal dynamics often remain difficult to interpret. In this paper, we propose a new class of CTRNNs based on Hopfield-like associative memories with asymmetric couplings. This model combines the expressive power of associative memories with a tractable mathematical formalism to characterize fluctuations in nonequilibrium dynamics. We show that this mathematical description allows us to directly compute the evolution of its macroscopic observables (the encoded features), as well as the instantaneous entropy and entropy dissipation of the system, thereby offering a bridge between dynamical systems descriptions of low-dimensional observables and the statistical mechanics of large nonequilibrium networks. Our results suggest that these nonequilibrium associative CTRNNs can serve as more interpretable models for complex sequence-encoding networks.

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Miguel Aguilera, Daniele De Martino, Ivan Garashchuk, Dmitry Sinelshchikov. 2025-11-14. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Associative Memory Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.11150

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