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arXiv · 2511.11561

Vector magnetometry using cavity-enhanced microwave readout in nitrogen-vacancy diamond

Reginald Wilcox·David Phillips·Matthew Steinecker·Erik Eisenach·Corey Hawkins·Linh Pham·Jennifer Schloss·Dirk Englund·Danielle Braje
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Abstract

We demonstrate $4\pi$-steradian vector magnetic field sensing using an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in a single-crystal diamond coupled to a microwave (MW) cavity. The MW cavity enhances the spin-photon coupling which enables efficient, high-contrast spin-state readout via MW interrogation and removes the need for bulky optical collection components. An applied AC bias magnetic field lifts the zero-field degeneracy of the four crystallographic NV orientations, allowing each orientation to be individually addressed and used for vector reconstruction of the magnetic field. The resulting magnetometer has a 40\% contrast (20x higher than typical for optical spin-ensemble readout) and achieves a single-axis sensitivity of 250 pT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ which is flat from DC to 1 kHz. Noise models of the composite spin-cavity system establish MW amplitude noise as the dominant noise source and predict a thermal noise limit of 2 pT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$.

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Reginald Wilcox, David Phillips, Matthew Steinecker, Erik Eisenach, Corey Hawkins, Linh Pham, Jennifer Schloss, Dirk Englund, Danielle Braje. 2025-11-14. Vector magnetometry using cavity-enhanced microwave readout in nitrogen-vacancy diamond. https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.11561

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