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arXiv · 2511.14843

Probing the influence of the protocluster environment on galaxy morphology at z = 2.23

Emmet Golden-Marx·Zheng Cai·Dongdong Shi·Xin Wang·Brian C. Lemaux·Benedetta Vulcani·Boris Haussler·Pablo Renard·Lu Shen·Finn Giddings
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Abstract

As galaxies evolve in dense cluster and protocluster environments, they interact and quench their star formation, which gradually transforms the galaxy population from star-forming galaxies to quiescent galaxies. This transformation is identifiable by observing galaxy colors and can be seen in the morphological transformation of late-type galaxies into early-type galaxies, which creates the morphology-density relation seen when comparing populations in clusters to co-eval field galaxies. However, high-z (z > 2) galaxy morphology studies are hindered by the high angular resolution necessary to characterize morphology. We present a study of HST WFC3 F160W observations of protoclusters from the MAMMOTH survey (BOSS1244 and BOSS1542) at z ~ 2.23 with populations of previously identified HAEs. By measuring the Sersic index of 151 HAEs, we look for the early morphological transformation of star-forming galaxies in these well-studied, large, non-virialized protoclusters, which we believe are precursors of present-day clusters. We find the morphology of the populations of star-forming protocluster galaxies does not differ from the co-eval field. However, we identify a population of clumpy, potentially merging galaxies, which could lead to an increase in the population of early-type galaxies in these structures. Additionally, in BOSS1244, which has two previously identified massive quiescent galaxies including a BCG, we find an abundance of early-type galaxies near both the BCG and two co-eval high-z quasars. Although we find a strong similarity between the morphology of field and protocluster galaxies, the population of early-type star-forming galaxies surrounding the spectroscopically confirmed quiescent BCG in BOSS1244, something not seen in BOSS1542, may point to differences in the evolutionary state of these co-eval protoclusters and be a sign of an early forming cluster core in BOSS1244.

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Emmet Golden-Marx, Zheng Cai, Dongdong Shi, Xin Wang, Brian C. Lemaux, Benedetta Vulcani, Boris Haussler, Pablo Renard, Lu Shen, Finn Giddings. 2025-11-18. Probing the influence of the protocluster environment on galaxy morphology at z = 2.23. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361%2F202554357

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