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arXiv · 2512.08404

Are generative AI text annotations systematically biased?

Sjoerd B. Stolwijk·Mark Boukes·Damian Trilling
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Abstract

This paper investigates bias in GLLM annotations by conceptually replicating manual annotations of Boukes (2024). Using various GLLMs (Llama3.1:8b, Llama3.3:70b, GPT4o, Qwen2.5:72b) in combination with five different prompts for five concepts (political content, interactivity, rationality, incivility, and ideology). We find GLLMs perform adequate in terms of F1 scores, but differ from manual annotations in terms of prevalence, yield substantively different downstream results, and display systematic bias in that they overlap more with each other than with manual annotations. Differences in F1 scores fail to account for the degree of bias.

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Sjoerd B. Stolwijk, Mark Boukes, Damian Trilling. 2025-12-09. Are generative AI text annotations systematically biased?. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08404

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