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arXiv · 2512.08945

The Linguistic Architecture of Reflective Thought: Evaluation of a Large Language Model as a Tool to Isolate the Formal Structure of Mentalization

Stefano Epifani·Giuliano Castigliego·Laura Kecskemeti·Giuliano Razzicchia·Elisabeth Seiwald-Sonderegger
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Abstract

Background: Mentalization integrates cognitive, affective, and intersubjective components. Large Language Models (LLMs) display an increasing ability to generate reflective texts, raising questions regarding the relationship between linguistic form and mental representation. This study assesses the extent to which a single LLM can reproduce the linguistic structure of mentalization according to the parameters of Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT). Methods: Fifty dialogues were generated between human participants and an LLM configured in standard mode. Five psychiatrists trained in MBT, working under blinded conditions, evaluated the mentalization profiles produced by the model along the four MBT axes, assigning Likert-scale scores for evaluative coherence, argumentative coherence, and global quality. Inter-rater agreement was estimated using ICC(3,1). Results: Mean scores (3.63-3.98) and moderate standard deviations indicate a high level of structural coherence in the generated profiles. ICC values (0.60-0.84) show substantial-to-high agreement among raters. The model proved more stable in the Implicit-Explicit and Self-Other dimensions, while presenting limitations in the integration of internal states and external contexts. The profiles were coherent and clinically interpretable yet characterized by affective neutrality.

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Stefano Epifani, Giuliano Castigliego, Laura Kecskemeti, Giuliano Razzicchia, Elisabeth Seiwald-Sonderegger. 2025-11-20. The Linguistic Architecture of Reflective Thought: Evaluation of a Large Language Model as a Tool to Isolate the Formal Structure of Mentalization. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.08945

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