On Temperature-Constrained Non-Deterministic Machine Translation: Potential and Evaluation

Weichuan Wang; Mingyang Liu; Linqi Song; Chen Ma

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arXiv · 2601.13729

On Temperature-Constrained Non-Deterministic Machine Translation: Potential and Evaluation

Weichuan Wang·Mingyang Liu·Linqi Song·Chen Ma

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Abstract

In recent years, the non-deterministic properties of language models have garnered considerable attention and have shown a significant influence on real-world applications. However, such properties remain under-explored in machine translation (MT), a complex, non-deterministic NLP task. In this study, we systematically evaluate modern MT systems and identify temperature-constrained Non-Deterministic MT (ND-MT) as a distinct phenomenon. Additionally, we demonstrate that ND-MT exhibits significant potential in addressing the multimodality issue that has long challenged MT research and provides higher-quality candidates than Deterministic MT (D-MT) under temperature constraints. However, ND-MT introduces new challenges in evaluating system performance. Specifically, the evaluation framework designed for D-MT fails to yield consistent evaluation results when applied to ND-MT. We further investigate this emerging challenge by evaluating state-of-the-art ND-MT systems using both lexical-based and semantic-based metrics at varying sampling sizes. The results reveal a Buckets Effect across these systems: the ranking of ND-MT systems is dominated by the worst-quality candidate translation, as shown by automatic evaluation metrics. To mitigate this issue, we propose ExpectoSample, a strategy that first identifies reliable metrics and then enables robust ND-MT system selection for real-world.

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Weichuan Wang, Mingyang Liu, Linqi Song, Chen Ma. 2026-01-20. On Temperature-Constrained Non-Deterministic Machine Translation: Potential and Evaluation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.13729

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