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arXiv · 2601.22950

Perplexity Cannot Always Tell Right from Wrong

Petar Veličković·Federico Barbero·Christos Perivolaropoulos·Simon Osindero·Razvan Pascanu
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Abstract

Perplexity -- a function measuring a model's overall level of "surprise" when encountering a particular output -- has gained significant traction in recent years, both as a loss function and as a simple-to-compute metric of model quality. Prior studies have pointed out several limitations of perplexity, often from an empirical manner. Here we leverage recent results on Transformer continuity to show in a rigorous manner how perplexity may be an unsuitable metric for model selection. Specifically, we prove that, if there is any sequence that a compact decoder-only Transformer model predicts accurately and confidently -- a necessary pre-requisite for strong generalisation -- it must imply existence of another sequence with very low perplexity, but not predicted correctly by that same model. Further, by analytically studying iso-perplexity plots, we find that perplexity will not always select for the more accurate model -- rather, any increase in model confidence must be accompanied by a commensurate rise in accuracy for the new model to be selected.

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BibTeXRIS

Petar Veličković, Federico Barbero, Christos Perivolaropoulos, Simon Osindero, Razvan Pascanu. 2026-01-30. Perplexity Cannot Always Tell Right from Wrong. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.22950

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