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arXiv · 2602.00411

SpyDir: Spy Device Localization Through Accurate Direction Finding

Wenhao Chen·Wenyi Morty Zhang·Wei Sun·Dinesh Bharadia·Roshan Ayyalasomayajula
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Abstract

Hidden spy cameras have become a great privacy threat recently, as these low-cost, low-power, and small form-factor IoT devices can quietly monitor human activities in the indoor environment without generating any side-channel information. As such, it is difficult to detect and even more challenging to localize them in the rich-scattering indoor environment. To this end, this paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of SpyDir, a system that can accurately localize the hidden spy IoT devices by harnessing the electromagnetic emanations automatically and unintentionally emitted from them. Our system design mainly consists of a portable switching antenna array to sniff the spectrum-spread emanations, an emanation enhancement algorithm through non-coherent averaging that can de-correlate the correlated noise effect due to the square-wave emanation structure, and a multipath-resolving algorithm that can exploit the relative channels using a novel optimization-based sparse AoA derivation. Our real-world experimental evaluation across different indoor environments demonstrates an average AoA error of 6.30 deg, whereas the baseline algorithm yields 21.06 deg, achieving over a 3.3 times improvement in accuracy, and a mean localization error of 19.86cm over baseline algorithms of 206.79cm (MUSIC) and 294.75cm (SpotFi), achieving over a 10.41 times and 14.8 times improvement in accuracy.

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Wenhao Chen, Wenyi Morty Zhang, Wei Sun, Dinesh Bharadia, Roshan Ayyalasomayajula. 2026-01-31. SpyDir: Spy Device Localization Through Accurate Direction Finding. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00411

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