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arXiv · 2602.22221

Evaluating Reliability Asymmetries in Chinese Factual Search and AI Answers

Geng Liu·Li Feng·Mengxiao Zhu·Francesco Pierri
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Abstract

Search engines and AI-powered systems increasingly mediate access to factual information, yet their reliability remains difficult to evaluate in realistic information-seeking settings. We study this problem in the Chinese web ecosystem by constructing a query-based fact-checking dataset from real Chinese search logs and comparing nine systems across traditional search engines, standalone large language models, and search-integrated AI Overviews. Focusing on factual Chinese-language factual Yes/No questions, we evaluate whether systems provide correct, incorrect, or uncertain decisions against evidence-derived ground truth. We find that systems are similarly accurate when they provide definitive answers, but differ sharply in how often they do so. Conditional accuracy ranges from 73.2% to 78.9%, yet search engines answer definitively on over 83% of queries, while Qwen-Max does so on fewer than half. We also find a consistent polarity gap: all systems perform better on yes-labeled queries than on no-labeled queries. We also use Baidu Index data to identify Chinese provinces with higher health-related search attention, which may indicate greater potential exposure to misinformation. Overall, our results show that reliability depends not only on whether systems are correct when they answer, but also on how often they answer, how they handle negative claims, and where information demand may increase exposure risks.

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Geng Liu, Li Feng, Mengxiao Zhu, Francesco Pierri. 2025-12-15. Evaluating Reliability Asymmetries in Chinese Factual Search and AI Answers. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22221

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