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arXiv · 2603.03714

Order Is Not Layout: Order-to-Space Bias in Image Generation

Yongkang Zhang·Zonglin Zhao·Yuechen Zhang·Fei Ding·Pei Li·Wenxuan Wang
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Abstract

We study a systematic bias in modern image generation models: the mention order of entities in text spuriously determines spatial layout and entity--role binding. We term this phenomenon Order-to-Space Bias (OTS) and show that it arises in both text-to-image and image-to-image generation, often overriding grounded cues and causing incorrect layouts or swapped assignments. To quantify OTS, we introduce OTS-Bench, which isolates order effects with paired prompts differing only in entity order and evaluates models along two dimensions: homogenization and correctness. Experiments show that Order-to-Space Bias (OTS) is widespread in modern image generation models, and provide evidence that it is primarily data-driven and manifests during the early stages of layout formation. Motivated by this insight, we show that both targeted fine-tuning and early-stage intervention strategies can substantially reduce OTS, while preserving generation quality.

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Yongkang Zhang, Zonglin Zhao, Yuechen Zhang, Fei Ding, Pei Li, Wenxuan Wang. 2026-03-04. Order Is Not Layout: Order-to-Space Bias in Image Generation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03714

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