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arXiv · 2603.10453

Spatio-Temporal Forecasting of Retaining Wall Deformation: Mitigating Error Accumulation via Multi-Resolution ConvLSTM Stacking Ensemble

Jihoon Kim·Heejung Youn
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Abstract

This study proposes a multi-resolution Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) ensemble framework that leverages diverse temporal input resolutions to mitigate error accumulation and improve long-horizon forecasting of retaining-structure behavior during staged excavation. An extensive database of lateral wall displacement responses was generated through PLAXIS2D simulations incorporating five-layered soil stratigraphy, two excavation depths (14 and 20 m), and stochastically varied geotechnical and structural parameters, yielding 2,000 time-series deflection profiles. Three ConvLSTM models trained at different input resolutions were integrated using a fully connected neural network meta-learner to construct the ensemble model. Validation using both numerical results and field measurements demonstrated that the ensemble approach consistently outperformed the standalone ConvLSTM models, particularly in long-term multi-step prediction, exhibiting reduced error propagation and improved generalization. These findings underscore the potential of multi-resolution ensemble strategies that jointly exploit diverse temporal input scales to enhance predictive stability and accuracy in AI-driven geotechnical forecasting.

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Jihoon Kim, Heejung Youn. 2026-03-11. Spatio-Temporal Forecasting of Retaining Wall Deformation: Mitigating Error Accumulation via Multi-Resolution ConvLSTM Stacking Ensemble. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2026.45.5.649

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