Weak integrability breaking perturbations in classical integrable models on the lattice

Abstract

We show how to systematically construct weak integrability breaking perturbations (WIBs) for classical integrable models on the lattice. These perturbations, which allow quasi-conserved quantities, have mostly been explored in quantum systems, where they are expected to delay the onset of thermalization and diffusive transport to timescales far exceeding those predicted by Fermi's golden rule. However, accessing such long-time dynamics in quantum models is computationally challenging. Classical integrable lattice models offer a complementary setting for probing transport and long-time dynamics under WIBs. In this work, we specialize our general framework to construct several families of WIBs for the Ishimori model, the Toda chain, and the Harmonic Oscillator Chain (HOC). Such constructions can help quantify how WIBs contribute to anomalous transport and serve as a benchmark for thermalization studies in perturbed integrable models. An important example is the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou (FPUT) model: Starting from the HOC, we show that the cubic nonlinearity (the alpha-FPUT interaction) is a genuine WIB perturbation. Using the integrals of motion (IoMs) of the Toda lattice, we explicitly construct corrections to the entire hierarchy of the HOC IoMs, thereby obtaining an infinite tower of quasi-conserved quantities for the alpha-FPUT chain. We further identify the corresponding adiabatic gauge potential (AGP) as a nontrivial trilocal generator in real space, and show that, more generally, any cubic, translationally invariant, momentum-conserving perturbation of the HOC admits such a generator and is therefore a WIB. Together with our transport and AGP-variance studies, our results provide a unified classical framework for weak integrability breaking and for diagnosing anomalous thermalization and transport in nearly integrable Hamiltonian lattice systems.