Ringdown bounds and spectral density limits from GWTC-3

Abstract

We establish the first observational bounds on causal nonlocal extensions of gravity characterized by retarded Stieltjes-type kernels with positive spectral density rho(mu) >= 0, using two complementary gravitational-wave channels. From a Bayesian ringdown analysis of 17 binary black hole events in the LIGO-Virgo GWTC-3 catalogue, we set an observational ceiling on universal fractional quasi-normal mode deformations of |epsilon_Omega| < 0.05 (90% C.L.), with a cumulative log Bayes factor ln B = -0.46 +/- 0.77. By mapping published GWTC-3 modified dispersion relation bounds together with the GW170817 propagation speed constraint onto the Stieltjes spectral parameter space (mu_char, M0), we exclude a broad class of infrared-extended spectral densities with mu <= 10^{-6} m^{-2}, thereby ruling out non-trivial regions of the nonlocal kernel parameter space for the first time. The theoretically motivated fiducial range mu_char ~ M_*^2 ~ 10^8-10^10 m^{-2} satisfies all current bounds. We further show that sub-millimetre gravity experiments, which already operate at the predicted causal scale l_* ~ 10^{-4} m, provide the most promising path toward a direct test. These results define quantitative benchmarks against which future observations across the gravitational-wave, short-range gravity, and cosmological sectors can be compared.