Singularly Perturbed Gradient Flows and Evolution of Critical Points in Infinite Dimensions

Abstract

We consider singularly perturbed gradient flows in Hilbert spaces, driven by a time-dependent, nonconvex, and nonsmooth energy, and address the convergence of their solutions to curves of critical points of the driving energy functional. The degenerating nature of the estimates along the gradient-flow curves calls for novel compactness arguments, which we carefully develop by combining tools from the variational approach to Hilbert and metric gradient flows \cite{RossiSavare06,AGS08}, with fine requirements on the set of critical points of the energy. This leads us to prove that subsequential limits of singularly perturbed gradient flows are Dissipative Viscosity solutions of the limiting problem, i.e., curves of critical points satisfying a suitable balance between the energy and a defect measure, encoding dissipation. This energy-dissipation balance encompasses information on the dynamics of the process at jump times, recording, in particular, the re-emergence of viscous behavior. Under a suitable rectifiability condition on the critical set, we show that \DSolutions\ improve to Balanced Viscosity solutions, which have the key property that the dissipation measure is purely atomic. In the second part of the paper we show that, for smooth energies whose second differential is a Fredholm operator, the condition that the kernel of the Hessian has dimension at most one at every critical point already implies our measure-theoretic assumptions. We further relate them to the transversality conditions from bifurcation theory and show that they have a generic character with respect to a wide family of linear perturbations of the energy. The results are new also in finite dimension. Applications to various PDE models are presented.