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arXiv · 2603.18279

Covariate-Dependent Functional Principal Component Analysis for SHM

Philipp Wittenberg·Lizzie Neumann·Kristof Maes·Jan Gertheiss
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Abstract

In Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), sensor measurements and derived features such as eigenfrequencies often exhibit systematic daily patterns and can therefore be naturally represented as functional data. Furthermore, these patterns are typically influenced by environmental factors, particularly temperature, which can substantially affect the observed system response. While most existing methods for removing environmental effects assume that confounding influences affect only the mean response, it has been shown that environmental and operational factors may also alter the covariance structure of the residual process. To address this limitation in a functional data monitoring framework, we incorporate so-called covariate-dependent functional principal component analysis (CD-FPCA), which allows eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the residual process to vary smoothly with covariates such as temperature. The proposed methodology is illustrated using an extended version of the KW51 railway bridge eigenfrequency dataset. This case study suggests that accounting for covariate effects beyond the functional mean can improve the robustness of the monitoring procedure, in particular by reducing environmentally induced (false) alarms under challenging low-temperature conditions.

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Philipp Wittenberg, Lizzie Neumann, Kristof Maes, Jan Gertheiss. 2026-03-18. Covariate-Dependent Functional Principal Component Analysis for SHM. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18279

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