A Sc2C2@C88 cluster based ultra-compact multi-level probabilistic bit for matrix multiplication

Haoran Qi; Guohao Xi; Yuan-Biao Zhou; Xinrong Liu; Yifu Mao; Jian Yang; Jun Chen; Kuojuei Hu; Weiwei Gao; Shuai Zhang; Xiaoqin Gao; Jianguo Wan; Da-Wei Zhou; Junhong An; Xuefeng Wang; De-Chuan Zhan; Minhao Zhang; Cong Wang; Wei ji; Yuan-Zhi Tan; Su-Yuan Xie; Fengqi Song

arXiv · 2603.26198

A Sc2C2@C88 cluster based ultra-compact multi-level probabilistic bit for matrix multiplication

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Abstract

Information units are progressively approaching the fundamental physical limits of the integration density, including in terms of extremely small sizes, multistates and probabilistic traversal. However, simultaneously encompassing all of these characteristics in a unit remains elusive. Here, via real-time in situ electrical monitoring, we clearly observed stochastic alterations of multiple conductance states in Sc2C2@C88. The true random bit sequence generated exhibited an autocorrelation function whose confidence interval fell within \pm 0.02, demonstrating high-quality randomness. The alterations of multiple conductance states are controllable, that is, whose probability distributions could traverse from 0 to 1, enabling us to factorize 551 into its prime factors. Furthermore, we proposed a matrix-chain multiplication scheme and experimentally verified the multiplication of two 4 \times 4 state-transition matrices with a small maximum error < 0.05. Combined with theoretical calculations, the stochastic but controllable multistates are probably attributed to the rich energy landscape, which could be stepwise changed by the electric field. Our findings reveal extremely small multi-level probabilistic bit for matrix multiplication, which pave the way for ultracompact intelligent electronic devices.

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Haoran Qi, Guohao Xi, Yuan-Biao Zhou, Xinrong Liu, Yifu Mao, Jian Yang, Jun Chen, Kuojuei Hu, Weiwei Gao, Shuai Zhang, Xiaoqin Gao, Jianguo Wan, Da-Wei Zhou, Junhong An, Xuefeng Wang, De-Chuan Zhan, Minhao Zhang, Cong Wang, Wei ji, Yuan-Zhi Tan, Su-Yuan Xie, Fengqi Song. 2026-03-27. A Sc2C2@C88 cluster based ultra-compact multi-level probabilistic bit for matrix multiplication. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.26198

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