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arXiv · 2604.06610

TwinLoop: Simulation-in-the-Loop Digital Twins for Online Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

Nan Zhang·Zishuo Wang·Shuyu Huang·Georgios Diamantopoulos·Nikos Tziritas·Panagiotis Oikonomou·Georgios Theodoropoulos
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Abstract

Decentralised online learning enables runtime adaptation in cyber-physical multi-agent systems, but when operating conditions change, learned policies often require substantial trial-and-error interaction before recovering performance. To address this, we propose TwinLoop, a simulation-in-the-loop digital twin framework for online multi-agent reinforcement learning. When a context shift occurs, the digital twin is triggered to reconstruct the current system state, initialise from the latest agent policies, and perform accelerated policy improvement with simulation what-if analysis before synchronising updated parameters back to the agents in the physical system. We evaluate TwinLoop in a vehicular edge computing task-offloading scenario with changing workload and infrastructure conditions. The results suggest that digital twins can improve post-shift adaptation efficiency and reduce reliance on costly online trial-and-error.

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Nan Zhang, Zishuo Wang, Shuyu Huang, Georgios Diamantopoulos, Nikos Tziritas, Panagiotis Oikonomou, Georgios Theodoropoulos. 2026-04-08. TwinLoop: Simulation-in-the-Loop Digital Twins for Online Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06610

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