DORA Explorer: Improving the Exploration Ability of LLMs Without Training

Priya Gurjar; Md Farhan Ishmam; Kenneth Marino

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arXiv · 2604.17244

DORA Explorer: Improving the Exploration Ability of LLMs Without Training

Priya Gurjar·Md Farhan Ishmam·Kenneth Marino

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Abstract

Large language model (LLM) agents for sequential decision-making struggle to produce diverse outputs. This leads to insufficient exploration, suboptimal solutions, and repeated actions. Actions are generated at the sequence level, but existing sampling strategies, such as temperature scaling, introduce diversity at the token level, not at the sequence level. We introduce DORA EXPLORER (Diversity-Oriented Ranking of Actions), a training-free, inference-time algorithm for improving exploration in LLM agents. DORA generates multiple candidate actions, scores them using sequence-level log-probability statistics, and samples an action via a tunable exploration parameter. We first study exploration in the classic Multi-Armed Bandit setting, where DORA substantially outperforms temperature-based sampling. Our main evaluation is on the Text Adventure Learning Environment Suite (TALES), where prompting strategies fail to explore but DORA delivers consistent gains across model families, e.g., 31.43% (ReAct) -> 45.5% (DORA) for Qwen-2.5 7B in TextWorld. Beyond exploration, DORA prevents common failures, such as getting stuck in loops. Our project is available at: https://dora-explore.github.io/.

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Priya Gurjar, Md Farhan Ishmam, Kenneth Marino. 2026-04-19. DORA Explorer: Improving the Exploration Ability of LLMs Without Training. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.17244

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