Effective Traveling for Metric Instances of the Traveling Thief Problem

Jan Eube; Kelin Luo; Aneta Neumann; Frank Neumann; Heiko Röglin

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arXiv · 2604.19271

Effective Traveling for Metric Instances of the Traveling Thief Problem

Jan Eube·Kelin Luo·Aneta Neumann·Frank Neumann·Heiko Röglin

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Abstract

The Traveling Thief Problem (TTP) is a multi-component optimization problem that captures the interplay between routing and packing decisions by combining the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) and the Knapsack Problem (KP). The TTP has gained significant attention in the evolutionary computation literature and a wide range of approaches have been developed over the last 10 years. Judging the performance of these algorithms in particular in terms of how close the get to optimal solutions is a very challenging task as effective exact methods are not available due to the highly challenging traveling component. In this paper, we study the tour-optimization component of TTP under a fixed packing plan. We formulate this task as a weighted variant of the TSP, where travel costs depend on the cumulative weight of collected items, and investigate how different distance metrics and cost functions affect computational complexity. We present an $(O(n^2))$-time dynamic programming algorithm for the path metric with general cost functions, prove that the problem is NP-hard even on a star metric, and develop constant-factor approximation algorithms for star metrics. Finally, we also develop an approximation algorithm for the problem under a general metric with a linear cost function. We complement our theoretical results with experimental evaluations on standard TTP instances adjusted to a path metric. Our experimental results demonstrate the practical effectiveness of our approaches by comparing it to solutions produced by popular iterative search algorithms. The results show that our methods are able to significantly improve the quality of solutions for some benchmark instances by optimizing the traveling part while pointing out the optimality of the travel component for other solutions obtained by iterative search methods.

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Jan Eube, Kelin Luo, Aneta Neumann, Frank Neumann, Heiko Röglin. 2026-04-21. Effective Traveling for Metric Instances of the Traveling Thief Problem. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.19271

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