Universal material basis for biocompatible printed electrolytes in Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Moritz Flemming; Paul Zechel; Rakesh R. Nair; Emil Mahnke; Markus Löffler; Alyna Ong; Bernd Rellinghaus; Lukas M. Eng; Karl Leo; Hans Kleemann

arXiv · 2604.25830

Universal material basis for biocompatible printed electrolytes in Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Moritz Flemming·Paul Zechel·Rakesh R. Nair·Emil Mahnke·Markus Löffler·Alyna Ong·Bernd Rellinghaus·Lukas M. Eng·Karl Leo·Hans Kleemann

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Abstract

Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) stand out for their interplay between ionic and electronic conduction, making them ideal analogues to biological synapses for neuromorphic computing and biosensing applications. Furthermore, they can be printed into integrated circuits on flexible substrates, enabling low-cost and high-throughput fabrication of complete electronic systems. However, most OECT electrolytes for integrated circuits still lack biocompatibility and suffer from rheology-related printing challenges. This paper presents a novel material basis that can be combined with an ionic liquid to fabricate an electrolyte for OECTs that only contains biocompatible materials. It allows rheological adjustments to enable the use of electrolyte in both inkjet and screen printing. Furthermore, the electrolyte is UV-curable, enabling it to transition into solid-state structures after printing. Extended ink and device lifetimes for screen-printed structures enable the fabrication of advanced OECTs that can operate in ambient air for over 30 days after fabrication. Ultimately, a fully screen-printed transistor using only biocompatible materials on a leaf substrate is shown

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Moritz Flemming, Paul Zechel, Rakesh R. Nair, Emil Mahnke, Markus Löffler, Alyna Ong, Bernd Rellinghaus, Lukas M. Eng, Karl Leo, Hans Kleemann. 2026-04-28. Universal material basis for biocompatible printed electrolytes in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.25830

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