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arXiv · 2605.01605

Where Do Prompt Perturbations Break Generation? A Segment-Level View of Robustness in LoRA-Tuned Language Models

Zhuoyun Li·Boxuan Wang·Jinwei Hu·Zhenglin Huang·Qisong He·Xinmiao Huang·Guangliang Cheng·Xiaowei Huang·Yi Dong
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Abstract

Large language models are sensitive to minor prompt perturbations, yet existing robustness methods usually enforce consistency at the whole-sequence level. This holistic view can hide an important failure mode: a perturbed response may remain globally similar to the clean one while drifting on a critical entity, relation, or conclusion. We introduce S$^2$R$^2$, a segment-level framework for robust LoRA fine-tuning. S$^2$R$^2$ decomposes clean and perturbed generations into semantic segments, aligns them with an optimal-transport objective, and penalises the segments with the largest meaning drift. To connect this output-side objective with model adaptation, we add an adapter-stability regulariser motivated by segment-level attention reallocation, using LoRA norm control as a tractable proxy for limiting perturbation-amplified evidence shifts. A PAC-Bayesian complexity view further explains why controlling adapter growth may support transfer beyond observed perturbations. Experiments on summarisation benchmarks show that S$^2$R$^2$ improves robustness under typographical noise, deletion, synonym replacement, and paraphrasing, while maintaining competitive clean performance and stronger cross-dataset transfer than consistency-based baselines.

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Zhuoyun Li, Boxuan Wang, Jinwei Hu, Zhenglin Huang, Qisong He, Xinmiao Huang, Guangliang Cheng, Xiaowei Huang, Yi Dong. 2026-05-02. Where Do Prompt Perturbations Break Generation? A Segment-Level View of Robustness in LoRA-Tuned Language Models. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.01605

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