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arXiv · 2605.06421

FREPix: Frequency-Heterogeneous Flow Matching for Pixel-Space Image Generation

Mingfeng Lin·Jiakun Chen·Liang Han·Liqiang Nie
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Abstract

Pixel-space diffusion has re-emerged as a promising alternative to latent-space generation because it avoids the representation bottleneck introduced by VAEs. Yet most existing methods still treat image generation as a frequency-homogeneous process, overlooking the distinct roles and learning dynamics of low- and high-frequency components. To address this, we propose FREPix, a FREquency-heterogeneous flow matching framework for Pixel-space image generation. FREPix explicitly decomposes generation into low- and high-frequency components, assigns them separate transport paths, predicts them with a factorized network, and trains them with a frequency-aware objective. In this way, coarse-to-fine generation becomes an explicit design principle rather than an implicit behavior. On ImageNet class-to-image generation, FREPix achieves competitive results among pixel-space generation models, reaching 1.91 FID at $256\times256$ and 2.38 FID at $512\times512$, with particularly strong performance in the early stages of training and in the low-NFE regime.

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Mingfeng Lin, Jiakun Chen, Liang Han, Liqiang Nie. 2026-05-07. FREPix: Frequency-Heterogeneous Flow Matching for Pixel-Space Image Generation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.06421

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