Prospects for multi-messenger discovery of the gravitational-wave background anisotropies via cross-correlation with galaxies

Abstract

We present new empirically grounded forecasts for the detectability of the stochastic gravitational-wave background anisotropies assuming a population of stellar-mass compact binary coalescences as its source. We quantified the discovery potential using simulations based on the Euclid Flagship Galaxy Catalogue and LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observational constraints in combination with detailed theoretical modelling. We considered the multi-messenger cross-correlation with galaxies as well as the gravitational wave-only cross-correlation across observation-time bins. For compact binaries up to redshift $z<3$, we found that an angular resolution of $\theta = 4.1$ deg ($\ell \geq 44$) is required for discovery within five years of observation via cross-correlation with a galaxy catalogue that is complete up to limiting magnitude $i < 24.7$ and has redshift uncertainties $\sigma_z = 0.003 (1+z)$. Extending the time range to ten years alleviates that requirement to $\theta = 6.5$ deg ($\ell \geq 28$). We also showed that binning the galaxies in redshift allows us to reconstruct the evolution of the kernel, which can be used to further constrain compact binary population models. Discovery without a multi-messenger tracer has proven significantly more challenging, requiring exclusion of the loudest events, $\theta = 1.8$ deg ($\ell \geq 95$), and a favourable coalescence rate. In light of the plans being carried out in the community for ongoing and upcoming galaxy surveys, this work bodes well for the multi-messenger discovery and exploration of the stochastic gravitational-wave background in the era of next-generation observatories such as the Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer.