Power sensitivity of broadband radiofrequency detectors based on quantum diamond spins

Nicholas Gillespie; Christopher T. -K. Lew; Ryan Kinsella; Andy Sayers; Brant Gibson; David A. Broadway; Jean-Philippe Tetienne

arXiv · 2605.14244

Power sensitivity of broadband radiofrequency detectors based on quantum diamond spins

Nicholas Gillespie·Christopher T. -K. Lew·Ryan Kinsella·Andy Sayers·Brant Gibson·David A. Broadway·Jean-Philippe Tetienne

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Abstract

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in diamond can be used to detect radiofrequency (RF) signals through coupling of the RF magnetic field with the NV spins, combined with optical readout of the spin state. The sensitivity of such RF detectors has so far been mainly studied in terms of magnetic field sensitivity, which is relevant when the RF signal is generated by a near-field source. However, for applications where the RF input is delivered externally, a more relevant quantity is the sensitivity in terms of the input RF power. Here we theoretically analyse the power sensitivity of NV-based RF detectors as a function of the RF-spin interface geometry. We derive scaling laws of the power sensitivity for both slope-detection and variance-detection RF sensing protocols, and for various noise regimes. We find that, in most scenarios, the power sensitivity scales inversely with the characteristic physical dimension of the RF-spin interface, for instance the width of a coplanar waveguide or the diameter of a loop antenna. In other words, the smaller the structure and the probed NV volume, the better the power sensitivity, which is contrary to the case of magnetic field sensitivity. Lastly, we numerically estimate that photon shot noise limited sensitivities of 10^{-20} W Hz^{-1} (slope) and 10^{-12} W Hz^{-1/2} (variance) are achievable. This work lays the groundwork for further optimisation of NV-based RF detectors.

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Nicholas Gillespie, Christopher T. -K. Lew, Ryan Kinsella, Andy Sayers, Brant Gibson, David A. Broadway, Jean-Philippe Tetienne. 2026-05-14. Power sensitivity of broadband radiofrequency detectors based on quantum diamond spins. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14244

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