Cycle affinity and winding localize eigenvalues of Markov generators

Abstract

The complex eigenvalues of Markov generators govern oscillatory properties of relaxation, autocorrelation, and linear response. We show that these eigenvalues are localized by nonequilibrium cycles of the generator, thus revealing a fundamental tradeoff between thermodynamic driving, oscillation, and decay of eigenmodes. Specifically, we prove that each complex eigenvalue is confined to a region determined by the cycle affinity and the eigenvector ``winding number'' of some nonequilibrium cycle. In discrete and continuous unicyclic systems, we also demonstrate that the winding number coincides with the ordered eigenvalue index, yielding new thermodynamic bounds on the slowest and fastest relaxation modes. In discrete multicyclic systems, our approach unifies and extends several previous inequalities and proves the Uhl--Seifert ellipse conjecture.