Post-Newtonian orbital mechanics around a black hole in modified gravity

Abstract

Scalar-tensor-vector gravity, also known as modified gravity (MOG), has emerged as an alternative to General Relativity (GR). It aims to explain astrophysical phenomena without invoking dark matter. The S-stars orbiting the supermassive black hole at the Galactic centre provide a unique opportunity to test the predictions of MOG because the orbital measurements are highly precise. We investigate the perturbations in the orbits of S-stars under MOG, focusing on the effects on orbital elements, observables such as right ascension, declination, and radial velocity, and the potential degeneracy with dark matter scenarios. We numerically integrated the first post-Newtonian equations of motion for S-stars within the MOG framework, considering contributions from the space-time geometry and the fifth force. We analysed the time evolution of orbital elements and projected the orbits onto the plane of the sky to assess deviations from GR. Furthermore, we compared the MOG-induced effects with those expected from a dark matter distribution. We found that MOG significantly alters the orbital precession, particularly for higher values of the MOG parameter $\alpha$. For sufficiently large $\alpha$ or long observational baselines, the deviations in the observables can reach amplitudes comparable to current observational precision. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MOG effects can mimic those of a dark matter distribution, particularly in the argument of pericentre, and we reveal an unexplored connection between MOG and GR with electromagnetism. The effects of MOG on stellar orbits are distinct from those predicted by GR and can be tested with precise astrometric and spectroscopic measurements of the S-stars. However, a potential degeneracy with dark matter signatures necessitates careful interpretation of observational data.