One prompt is not enough: Instruction Sensitivity Undermines Embedding Model Evaluation

Yevhen Kostiuk; Kenneth Enevoldsen

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arXiv · 2605.22544

One prompt is not enough: Instruction Sensitivity Undermines Embedding Model Evaluation

Yevhen Kostiuk·Kenneth Enevoldsen

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Abstract

Instruction embedding models have become common among state-of-the-art models, however are evaluated using a single prompt per task. The single-point evaluation ignores a main problem of the instruction-based approach namely: sensitivity to the phrasing of the instruction. We present an empirical study of prompt sensitivity across 6 embedding models and 11 datasets. We show that reported scores misrepresent the distribution of scores over plausible prompts. The default prompt can both systematically understate or overstate performance. Furthermore, we show that the leaderboard ranking is not robust to prompt selection: a developer improve their rank by favorably selecting prompts, and under adversarial prompt selection any model can be promoted to first place. Our findings suggest that single-prompt evaluation is insufficient for instruction-tuned embedding models and that benchmarks should incorporate prompt robustness, either by evaluating over multiple prompts or by reporting sensitivity alongside point estimates.

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Yevhen Kostiuk, Kenneth Enevoldsen. 2026-05-21. One prompt is not enough: Instruction Sensitivity Undermines Embedding Model Evaluation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22544

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