Moral Semantics Survive Machine Translation: Cross-Lingual Evidence from Moral Foundations Corpora

Abstract

Moral language is subtle and culturally variable, making it difficult to translate faithfully across languages. Idiomatic expressions, slang, and cultural references introduce hard-to-avoid translation artefacts. Yet automated moral values classification depends on language-specific annotated corpora that exist almost exclusively in English. We investigate whether LLM-based translation can bridge this gap, taking Polish as a test case. Using $\sim~50k$ morally-annotated social media posts from a diverse range of topics, we apply a principled four-method validation pipeline: LaBSE cross-lingual embedding similarity, Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA), LLM-as-judge evaluation, and deep learning classifier parity tests. We show that despite shortcomings in handling slang, vulgarity, and culturally-loaded expressions, direct translation preserves subtle moral cues well enough to be harvested by cross-lingual machine learning - with a mean cosine similarity of 0.89 and classification accuracy gaps of 0.01--0.02 AUROC across foundations. These results demonstrate that machine translation is a practical and cost-effective path to moral values research in languages currently under-resourced in this domain. We demonstrate this for Polish as a representative Slavic language, with expected generalization to related languages.