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arXiv · 2605.28183

BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law

Sebastian Nagl·Ann-Kristin Mayrhofer·Martin Heidebach·Aleyna Koçak·Anne Zettelmeier·Elly Breu·Angelina Greiner·Sofija Milijas·Matthias Grabmair
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Abstract

We introduce BenGER (Benchmark for German Law), a benchmark and dataset for evaluating LLM systems on subsumption-based legal reasoning in German law. The dataset combines 596 exam-style free-text legal case tasks across multiple levels of legal education and 531 short doctrinal reasoning tasks. It includes a controlled validation subset of timed human-written solutions under both unaided and human-AI co-creation conditions. We evaluate 12 contemporary LLM systems - closed flagship, efficiency-oriented, and open-weight - with a rubric-aligned LLM-as-a-Judge cross-validated against a multi-rater human-grading layer (three blind reviews per solution, six judge families benchmarked against the human pool). Closed-flagship systems lead the leaderboard across all three corpora, human-AI co-creation measurably improves on unaided human work, and the LLM judge tracks human grading at Pearson r=0.76 and Cohen's k=0.60. System rankings are stable across judge families and two judges from independent providers clear the Calderon single-reviewer replacement bar on human-authored solutions.

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Sebastian Nagl, Ann-Kristin Mayrhofer, Martin Heidebach, Aleyna Koçak, Anne Zettelmeier, Elly Breu, Angelina Greiner, Sofija Milijas, Matthias Grabmair. 2026-05-27. BenGER: Benchmarking LLM Systems on Subsumption-Based Legal Reasoning in German Law. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.28183

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