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arXiv · 2605.28598

Evaluating the Realism of LLM-powered Social Agents: A Case Study of Reactions to Spanish Online News

Alejandro Buitrago López·Alberto Ortega Pastor·Javier Pastor-Galindo·José A. Ruipérez-Valiente
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Abstract

LLM-powered social agents are increasingly used to simulate online social behavior, yet their realism remains difficult to validate. Existing work has largely relied on general-purpose benchmarks, while less attention has been paid to short, reactive discourse such as audience replies to online news. In this paper, we evaluate whether LLM-generated reactions to Spanish online news reproduce measurable properties of real audience discourse. Using the Hatemedia dataset, we pair 5,631 news items with 58,555 real audience reactions, and generate a matched synthetic dataset using five LLMs under a shared experimental setting. We compare real and synthetic reactions across three dimensions: hate speech, sentiment, and semantic alignment, considering both off-the-shelf and fine-tuned generation. Results show that off-the-shelf models are poor proxies for real audience reactions: they strongly underproduce hate speech, introduce model-specific sentiment biases, and remain distributionally distant from human replies. Fine-tuning improves fidelity unevenly. Qwen3 provides the most balanced approximation, while Mistral7B achieves the strongest sentiment and semantic alignment but overshoots hate prevalence. Plausible synthetic replies do not necessarily reproduce the distributional properties of public discourse.

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Alejandro Buitrago López, Alberto Ortega Pastor, Javier Pastor-Galindo, José A. Ruipérez-Valiente. 2026-05-27. Evaluating the Realism of LLM-powered Social Agents: A Case Study of Reactions to Spanish Online News. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.28598

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