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arXiv · 2605.29414

Beyond Bilingual Transfer: Multilingual Code-Switching in Instruction Tuning

Shunta Asano·Jeonghun Baek·Toshihiko Yamasaki
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Abstract

Recent studies have shown that code-switching data (CSD), in which multiple languages are mixed within the same context, can improve cross-lingual transfer and multilingual alignment in large language models (LLMs). However, existing studies primarily focus on bilingual transfer between English and a target language, leaving multilingual settings involving three or more languages largely unexplored. In this work, we investigate multilingual code-switching instruction tuning across four languages: English, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. We evaluate multilingual understanding on Belebele. Our experiments show that simple sentence-level multilingual CSD consistently improves average multilingual performance across all four languages, indicating that multilingual code-switching can be effective beyond bilingual transfer settings.

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Shunta Asano, Jeonghun Baek, Toshihiko Yamasaki. 2026-05-28. Beyond Bilingual Transfer: Multilingual Code-Switching in Instruction Tuning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.29414

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