Experiments on Settling of Granular and Cohesive Material in Low Gravity

Abstract

The regolith of rocky bodies, such as planets or asteroids, generally settles under gravity conditions different from those of Earth. The behavior of granular material is not easily scalable for different gravities. To predict these highly complex systems where cohesive inter particle forces can be comparable to gravitational forces, we need simulations and experiments. We did experiments on settling of three different granular samples in varying reduced gravities and examined their packing densities. We used a high precision linear stage to artificially induce reduced gravities inside the zero $g$ environment provided by the ZARM drop tower and observe the settling of our samples. The three samples were fine basalt with particle diameters of $1\text{-}200\,\mu$m, coarse basalt with $2\text{-}5\,$mm and glass beads with $750\text{-}1000\,\mu$m. The artificial gravities were $150,\,250,\,500,\,750$ and $1000\,$mm/s$^2$ and therefore ranged from large asteroid gravity to almost moon gravity. We saw the granular samples have higher volumes in lower gravities and therefore lower packing densities, we also saw the fine basalt be the most sensitive to changes in gravity, up to $+19.6\,\%$ in volume for $250\,$mm/s$^2$, followed by the coarse basalt particles, up to $+12.2\,\%$ for $150\,$mm/s$^2$ and the glass beads packing density being the least sensitive to changes in gravity, up to $+4.25\,\%$ for $250\,$mm/s$^2$. With these experiments we show change in volume is not solely dependent of particle size but also roughness and uniformity, we provide real life experimental data to validate theoretical works and highlight the role of cohesive forces in low gravity environments.