FLARE: Diffusion for Hybrid Language Model

Abstract

Autoregressive (AR) large language models (LLMs) have achieved broad practical success, but sequential decoding remains a key bottleneck for low-latency deployment. Recent efficient-inference work has progressed along two axes: reducing the cost of each model invocation through efficient architectures, and reducing serial decoding steps through parallel generation. Hybrid attention backbones address the former, while diffusion language models (dLLMs) pursue the latter via iterative parallel denoising. Combining these advantages remains challenging: AR-to-dLLM conversion often fails to preserve seed-checkpoint capability, and hybrid-attention recurrent states and masking constraints make diffusion training and serving nontrivial. We present FLARE, a systematic conversion framework for hybrid-attention LLMs. Our analysis identifies transfer data quality as the primary determinant of capability preservation, outweighing loss formulation and attention-mask design. The resulting framework combines a token-equal AR-and-diffusion objective, hardware-aware kernels, and unified inference, enabling one checkpoint to support both AR-style verified decoding and diffusion-style parallel denoising. Starting from strong AR checkpoints with limited post-training data, FLARE is competitive with leading open-source dLLMs across model scales and delivers consistent throughput gains over open-source dLLM baselines in single-GPU concurrent serving. Our results further suggest that practical dLLMs are limited not only by decoding algorithms, but also by transfer data quality and the training inefficiency of current block-diffusion objectives, motivating joint design of data, objectives, architectures, and inference systems.