A comprehensive Rossiter-Mclaughlin Modelling Framework in TLCM: Application to HD 2685 $=$ TOI-135 system

Abstract

We present an updated Rossiter-McLaughlin modelling framework in the exoplanet analysis code \textsc{TLCM}. We describe our model in detail. The model and the code were validated by nine systems where we use TESS photometric measurements and archive radial velocity data (WASP-15, HAT-P-1, HAT-P-3, HAT-P-6, HAT-P-7, HAT-P-11, HAT-P-14, HAT-P-20, HAT-P-32). In addition, new observations were obtained from HD 2685 = TOI-135 which is an evolved, hot ($T_\mathrm{eff}=6801$ K), single star hosting a $\sim 1.15$ Jupiter-mass transiting hot Jupiter in a $\sim 4.1$ days orbit. We obtained new HARPS radial velocity measurements in-transit and out-of-transit. Also, there are new photometric observations from six additional, yet not-analyzed TESS-sectors since the time of the discovery of its transits. This allowed us to refine the planetary, orbital and system parameters and to detect Rossiter-Mclaughlin effect in it. We find an intermediate sky-projected obliquity, $\lambda = \ang{55.6}^{+\ang{10.9}}_{-\ang{11.9}}$, for our fiducial spectroscopic \(V\sin I_\star\) prior. Tests with broader \(V\sin I_\star\) priors show that the central value of \(\lambda\) remains stable, although the uncertainty increases.