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arXiv · 2606.04311

Formal verification of the S-two AIR

Jeremy Avigad·Anat Ganor·Lior Goldberg·David Levit·Ohad Nir·Yoav Seginer·Alon Titelman
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Abstract

StarkWare's S-two prover provides an efficient means for establishing, on blockchain, that a program written in the Cairo virtual machine language runs to completion. The latter claim is encoded by an algebraic intermediate representation (AIR) that captures the semantics of the Cairo language. The AIR asserts the existence of tables of values from a finite field satisfying certain algebraic constraints. A cryptographic interactive proof system, circle STARK, provides an efficiently-checked certificate that the AIR is satisfied. We describe our verification, using the Lean 4 proof assistant, that the AIR encoding is sound, which is to say, the satisfiability of the AIR implies the computational claim.

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Jeremy Avigad, Anat Ganor, Lior Goldberg, David Levit, Ohad Nir, Yoav Seginer, Alon Titelman. 2026-06-03. Formal verification of the S-two AIR. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.04311

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