Quantum Otto and Carnot Cycles via Skew Ising Model

Abstract

We investigate the thermodynamic performance of quantum heat engines and refrigerators based on a two-spin system subject to a skew magnetic field. The working substance is described by an interacting spin model that incorporates both spin--spin coupling and anisotropy induced by a tilted magnetic field. We analyze and compare quantum Carnot and Otto cycles, showing that the Carnot cycle exhibits a universal, entropy-driven behavior with smooth phase boundaries, while the Otto cycle displays a much richer structure governed by the interplay between the energy spectrum and nonequilibrium population differences. In particular, we identify a crossover in both efficiency and coefficient of performance as a function of the interaction strength, which arises from the competition between the interaction energy scale and the magnetic field. We further demonstrate that the skew angle induces state hybridization, modifying both the energy levels and occupation probabilities. Our results highlight that interactions and anisotropy, when properly tuned, can enhance thermodynamic performance, and emphasize the importance of multi-level effects in the design of quantum thermal machines.