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arXiv · 2606.15496

How recombination rates affect escape from low-fitness states

Elisa Heinrich-Mora·Chase Van Amburg·Marcus W. Feldman
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Abstract

Adaptation often requires the assembly of favorable combinations of mutations that are individually deleterious. As a result, populations may remain trapped in low-fitness genetic states even when higher-fitness genotypes exist. Recombination plays a dual role in this process because it can both generate and disrupt advantageous multilocus combinations. Previous work showed that the balance between selection and recombination determines whether populations cross fitness valleys or persist in low-fitness states associated with demographic decline. We study this problem in a three-locus model consisting of two selected loci and a recombination modifier locus. The modifier has no direct effect on fitness but alters the recombination rate between the selected loci, allowing recombination itself to evolve. We characterize the fixation states of the system and derive explicit conditions for the local stability of the low-fitness fixation set. Stability depends on selection strength, recombination among selected loci, recombination between the modifier and selected loci, and modifier composition. In the classical two-locus model, stability depends on a single recombination parameter. By contrast, the modifier model generates a continuum of fixation states whose stability varies with modifier frequency. Populations with identical selected-haplotype frequencies can therefore differ in stability solely because they differ in modifier composition. We further show that modifier polymorphism can either stabilize or destabilize the low-fitness state, depending on the relative magnitudes of modifier-dependent recombination rates. These results demonstrate that genetic variation affecting recombination alters evolutionary outcomes not only by changing the formation of favorable multilocus combinations but also by changing the stability of alternative evolutionary states.

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Elisa Heinrich-Mora, Chase Van Amburg, Marcus W. Feldman. 2026-06-13. How recombination rates affect escape from low-fitness states. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.15496

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