NeRD: Neuro-Symbolic Rule Distillation for Efficient Ontology-Grounded Chain-of-Thought in Medical Image Diagnosis

Hongxi Yang; Yiwen Jiang; Siyuan Yan; Jamie Chow; Eunis Li; Charlotte Poon; Stephanie Fong; Xiangyu Zhao; Deval Mehta; Yasmeen George; Zongyuan Ge

arXiv · 2606.15617

NeRD: Neuro-Symbolic Rule Distillation for Efficient Ontology-Grounded Chain-of-Thought in Medical Image Diagnosis

Hongxi Yang·Yiwen Jiang·Siyuan Yan·Jamie Chow·Eunis Li·Charlotte Poon·Stephanie Fong·Xiangyu Zhao·Deval Mehta·Yasmeen George·Zongyuan Ge

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Abstract

Interpretability is essential for trustworthy medical image diagnosis. However, existing concept-driven interpretable methods have key limitations: Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) require scoring all predefined concepts at inference time and for manual intervention, imposing a substantial burden on clinicians, while rationale-based generative approaches often select concepts by class discriminability, which can drift from diagnostic ontologies. To address these issues, we propose Neuro-Symbolic Rule Distillation (NeRD), a framework that produces efficient, ontology-grounded reasoning chains that are sufficient yet non-redundant, without manually crafting diagnostic rules. Experiments on two skin datasets demonstrate strong diagnostic performance and interpretability, and blinded expert evaluation confirms the clinical plausibility of NeRD rationales. Our method further enables a first expert-in-the-loop study for Multimodal Chain-of-Thought-based diagnosis, achieving efficient and effective concept-level intervention.

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Hongxi Yang, Yiwen Jiang, Siyuan Yan, Jamie Chow, Eunis Li, Charlotte Poon, Stephanie Fong, Xiangyu Zhao, Deval Mehta, Yasmeen George, Zongyuan Ge. 2026-06-14. NeRD: Neuro-Symbolic Rule Distillation for Efficient Ontology-Grounded Chain-of-Thought in Medical Image Diagnosis. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.15617

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