Backward-Wave Difference-Frequency Generation in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate

Abstract

Second-order nonlinear processes involving counter-propagating light generation have been explored for quantum applications and optical parametric oscillators. However, realizing these processes on integrated photonic platforms such as thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) remains challenging because of the extremely short quasi-phase matching (QPM) periods required, which are difficult to achieve with standard fabrication workflows. In this work, we achieve 1425 nm periodicity on 800 nm-thick X-cut TFLN via poling prior to etching. We present the first integrated demonstration of backward-wave difference-frequency generation (BWDFG), using a pump near 775 nm and a counter-propagating signal near 1980 nm, and thereby combine the high nonlinear efficiency of QPM with favorable dispersion characteristics. Within the same waveguide, we demonstrate backward-wave second-harmonic generation (BWSHG), where the pump and second-harmonic are counter-propagating, together with BWDFG. Idler generation spans from 1244 nm to 1290 nm and simulations predict extended coverage up to ~2200 nm. This process provides broad spectral tunability while remaining tolerant of fabrication-induced dimensional offsets, addressing a key challenge for the TFLN platform.