Fourier Phase Retrieval for Finite Unions of Intervals

Abstract

This paper investigates the one-dimensional Fourier phase retrieval problem for indicator functions of finite unions of intervals. Specifically, we study the recovery of a set $\Omega = \bigcup_{j=1}^m I_j \subset\mathbb{R}$ from the magnitude of its Fourier transform $|\widehat{\mathbf{1}_\Omega}|$, where each $I_j \subset \mathbb{R}$ is a bounded interval. For $m\le 2$, we prove that $\Omega$ is uniquely determined by $ |\widehat{\mathbf{1}_\Omega}|$ up to the natural ambiguities of translation and reflection, and we further establish a stability result for this reconstruction. In contrast, for $m\ge 3$, uniqueness fails in general. More precisely, for every $m\ge 3$, we explicitly construct functions $f_m,g_m\in\mathcal{I}_m$ such that $|\widehat{f_m}|=|\widehat{g_m}|,$ while $f_m$ cannot be obtained from $g_m$ by any translation or reflection, where $\mathcal{I}_m$ denotes the class of indicator functions of unions of exactly $m$ intervals. Furthermore, building on the theory of the turnpike problem, in which a finite integer set is uniquely determined by its multiset of pairwise differences under a collision-free condition, we establish an analogous result for finite subsets of $\mathbb{R}$. This, in turn, yields a sufficient condition for recovering indicator functions of finite unions of intervals. These results provide a complete characterization of the Fourier phase retrieval problem for indicator functions of finite unions of intervals and offer new insights into Fourier phase retrieval for indicator functions of more general domains in higher dimensions.