Measurements of Bremsstrahlung-Averaged Cross Sections for Reactions on Natural Nickel Targets at Eendpoint = 40MeV

Abstract

Bremsstrahlung activation measurements were performed to study the production of $^{57}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$, $^{58}\mathrm{Co}$, $^{57}\mathrm{Co}$, $^{56}\mathrm{Co}$, and $^{55}\mathrm{Co}$ from natural nickel targets irradiated with photons generated by \SI{40}{MeV} electrons incident on a tantalum converter. Bremsstrahlung spectra were modeled using MCNP6.3\texttrademark{} and experimentally validated through activation of natural tin. Bremsstrahlung-averaged cross sections were extracted from end-of-irradiation activities, yielding $\langle\sigma\rangle = 8.983~\pm~0.028$~mb for $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(\gamma,n)^{57}\mathrm{Ni}$, $0.248~\pm~0.025$~mb for $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(\gamma,2n)^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$, $0.704~\pm~0.218$~mb for $^{nat}\mathrm{Ni}(\gamma,pxn)^{58}\mathrm{Co}$, $9.192~\pm~0.386$~mb for $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(\gamma,p)^{57}\mathrm{Co}$, and $2.239~\pm~0.355$~mb for $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(\gamma,pn)^{56}\mathrm{Co}$. A $90\%$ confidence-level upper limit of $\langle\sigma\rangle < 0.021$~mb is established for the $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(\gamma,p2n)^{55}\mathrm{Co}$ channel. Comparison with JENDL-5 evaluations and prior studies indicates channel-dependent agreement, with residual discrepancies observed for selected charged-particle emission reactions. In particular, the measured $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(\gamma,p)^{57}\mathrm{Co}$ cross section exceeds the JENDL-5 prediction by approximately a factor of two, whereas TALYS-2.2 calculations reproduce the experimental value, suggesting an underestimation of the $(\gamma,p)$ channel strength in JENDL-5 under bremsstrahlung conditions. For the $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}(\gamma,pn)^{56}\mathrm{Co}$ channel, both TALYS-2.2 and JENDL-5 predictions are in reasonable agreement, while the present measurement is higher by approximately a factor of two, though with larger associated uncertainty.