Revising RVL-CDIP: Quantifying Errors and Test-Train Overlap

Stefan Larson; Attila Nagy; Sam Desai; Cyrus Desai; Nicole C. Lima; Yixin Yuan; Siddharth Betala; Kaushal K. Prajapati; Jamiu T. Suleiman; Sharad Duwal; Kevin Leach

arXiv · 2606.31446

Revising RVL-CDIP: Quantifying Errors and Test-Train Overlap

Stefan Larson·Attila Nagy·Sam Desai·Cyrus Desai·Nicole C. Lima·Yixin Yuan·Siddharth Betala·Kaushal K. Prajapati·Jamiu T. Suleiman·Sharad Duwal·Kevin Leach

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Abstract

RVL-CDIP is a popular dataset for benchmarking document classifiers. However, the dataset contains ample amounts of label errors as well as non-trivial amounts of test-train overlap, both of which may impact model performance metrics. In this paper, we address these two problems by (1) finding and fixing label errors, and (2) detecting and addressing test-train overlap. We produce several variations of RVL-CDIP with label error and test-train overlap fixes, and benchmark document classification performance on these new RVL-CDIP variations. Our rigorous analysis of RVL-CDIP finds that the corpus contains 12\% label error and approximately 35% test-train duplication. Remediation sees improvements in classification accuracy when errors are removed, but sees decreases in accuracy when duplicates are removed. We additionally evaluate models on RVL-CDIP-N, an out-of-distribution benchmark, finding that training on error-corrected data substantially improves OOD generalization, with supervised models gaining an average of 8.1 percentage points in accuracy and improvements as large as 14 percentage points.

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Stefan Larson, Attila Nagy, Sam Desai, Cyrus Desai, Nicole C. Lima, Yixin Yuan, Siddharth Betala, Kaushal K. Prajapati, Jamiu T. Suleiman, Sharad Duwal, Kevin Leach. 2026-06-30. Revising RVL-CDIP: Quantifying Errors and Test-Train Overlap. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31446

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