Experimental access to the gluonic origin of the proton mass

Zein-Eddine Meziani; Ismail Zahed

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arXiv · 2607.07969

Experimental access to the gluonic origin of the proton mass

Zein-Eddine Meziani·Ismail Zahed

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Abstract

Most of the proton mass originates not from the Higgs mechanism but from the quantum structure of the QCD vacuum. The dominant contribution arises from the gluonic trace anomaly associated with the breaking of conformal symmetry in quantum chromodynamics. We show that this anomaly contribution is experimentally accessible through scalar gravitational form factors. The key observable is the scalar gluonic trace form factor of the proton, which can be reconstructed from three measurable quantities: the quark scalar gravitational form factor accessible in deeply virtual Compton scattering, the gluon scalar gravitational form factor measurable in near-threshold heavy quarkonium production, and the nucleon sigma-term form factor. We also show that the scalar gluonic form factor extracted from the trace anomaly is quantitatively consistent with lattice QCD and the instanton liquid model over hadronic distance scales. These results provide a direct experimental path to probing the gluonic origin of visible mass.

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Zein-Eddine Meziani, Ismail Zahed. 2026-07-08. Experimental access to the gluonic origin of the proton mass. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.07969

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