Quantized Photocurrents in Gapless Topological Matter

Abstract

The quantum Hall effect establishes that topology can fix a material response to integer multiples of fundamental constants when an energy gap isolates the relevant symmetry-protected electronic states. Whether such universal quantization can also emerge in gapless matter, where topological bands coexist with a continuum of metallic excitations, has remained a fundamental question in the field of quantum materials. Chiral topological semimetals provide a unique setting in which to explore this principle; when optical transitions are confined to a single chiral node, the resulting circular photogalvanic effect is predicted to be quantized by the topological charge of the node. In real materials, however, this nonlinear optical phenomenon has remained experimentally elusive, obscured by trivial band transitions, insufficient energy separation between node pairs, and their relative positions with respect to the Fermi level. Here we observe a quantized circular photogalvanic effect in the chiral topological semimetal Rh0.95Ni0.05Si. Band engineering via Ni substitution opens a photon-energy window dominated by interband optical transitions at the {\Gamma}-point multifold node. This allows circularly polarized near- to mid-infrared pulses to drive a helicity-odd terahertz response that manifests three hallmarks of quantization: a sharp onset, a photon-energy-independent plateau governed by the magnitude of the monopole charge, and an abrupt long-wavelength cutoff imposed by Pauli blocking. Our work thus establishes an all-optical analogue of the quantum Hall effect and a new paradigm to realize topological quantization in gapless matter.