From phase space to Krylov space, one shell at a time

Abstract

In this work, we develop and study the classical Lanczos algorithm allowing us to define Krylov complexity using the symplectic structure of phase space: Poisson brackets take on the role of the quantum commutators and phase-space integrals furnish the inner product needed to define the Lanczos recursion. We show, using general methods of quantum mechanics in phase space, that the $\hbar \to 0$ limit of the usual quantum mechanical Krylov framework smoothly goes over into the classical one. In theories with well-defined semiclassical limits, we show that classical Krylov complexity accurately approximates quantum complexity at early enough times, and thus is a useful characteristic of early-time chaotic dynamics. We define a Krylov-Ehrenfest time, which quantifies the eventual divergence of classical and quantum complexities, corresponding to a characteristic depth of the Krylov chain, $n\sim n_*(\hbar)$, which in the time domain translates to the well-known scale, $t_*\sim\lambda_K^{-1}\log(1/\hbar)$, in generic chaotic systems. We additionally define microcanonical Krylov complexities, both in the classical and quantum setting, which allows one a fine-grained study of complexity, energy shell by energy shell. We apply this framework to the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick (LMG) and Feingold-Peres (FP) models, which are collective spin systems known to classicalize in the thermodynamic limit. In particular, while the FP model features spectral chaos for some range of coupling values, the LMG model is known to exhibit early-time saddle-dominated scrambling. Our analysis shows that the instability in LMG is resolved by the microcanonical Krylov complexity, which is controlled by the integrable structure of the Hamiltonian in spectral windows away from the instability, both at early and late times.