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arXiv · 2607.17142

Fenced Citation-Context Retrieval for Case Law: Temporal Leakage and Degree Control Across Two Jurisdictions

Yao Liu·Tien-Ping Tan·Zhilan Liu
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Abstract

Prior case retrieval (PCR) aims to identify the precedent cases relevant to the facts of a query case. Incoming citation context, the text with which later cases characterize a case when citing it, is a powerful relevance signal, yet it is typically evaluated without a temporal constraint, so the retriever is credited with citations made after the query. We introduce a temporally fenced retriever with no learned parameters that augments BM25 with incoming citation context restricted to citations predating the query, together with a temporal-admission decomposition that quantifies the phantom fraction: the share of a citation-context gain attributable to citations not known to predate the query. Experiments span two jurisdictions, U.S. federal (CLERC) and European (ECtHR-PCR) case law. On ECtHR-PCR, without any training, the fenced retriever outperforms a strong degree-controlled baseline across the full recall ladder, and a temporal-admission decomposition attributes 14.9% (validation) of an unfenced citation-context gain over BM25 to citations not known to predate the query. Citation-context retrieval must therefore be temporally fenced and degree-controlled before its reported gains can be interpreted.

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Yao Liu, Tien-Ping Tan, Zhilan Liu. 2026-07-19. Fenced Citation-Context Retrieval for Case Law: Temporal Leakage and Degree Control Across Two Jurisdictions. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.17142

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